![]() ![]() Also, it protects when part of a system starts to operate in an abnormal manner that might cause damage or interfere with the normal operation of the complete system. Protective relays: The primary function of protective relays in substations is to cause prompt removal of any element from the service when it suffers a short circuit. It is usually a step-down transformer with a lesser number of windings on the secondary side. It measures the high alternating voltage in a power system. Another type of instrument transformer is the voltage transformer or potential transformer.Ī potential transformer is an instrument transformer used for protection and measurement purposes. ![]() For example, if a current transformer has a rating of 100/5A, the current on the primary side is 100A and the secondary is 5A. At subsequent substations, a step-down transformer is used to reduce the supply voltage and then finally deliver it at the utilization end.Ī current transformer is a step-up or step-down transformer that multiplies the current to a known ratio. Mostly at a power station, a step-up transformer is used to increase the generated voltage to a higher value. They are used to step up or step down the voltage. Transformers: Transformers are essential components in power transmission and distribution. It is used for timely disconnecting and reconnecting different parts of the power system for protection and control. It is a special type of switching device which can be operated safely under huge current carrying conditions. It is designed such that it can be operated manually under normal conditions and automatically under fault conditions. It is a grounded metal enclosure containing factory-mounted, bare or insulated conductors, usually copper or aluminium bars, rods or tubes.Ĭircuit breaker: A circuit breaker is a circuit component that can open or close a circuit under normal and fault conditions. Each section can be disconnected with the help of an isolator for maintenance.īusbar: A busbar is an assembly of bus conductors with associated connection joints and insulating supports. For example, if the entire substation is divided into five sections. This is accomplished by an isolating switch or an isolator. An isolator is essentially a switch designed to open a circuit under no load. Isolating switch: In power substations, it is required to disconnect a part of the system for general maintenance and repairs. Important symbols for a Single Line Diagram: – It ensures a safer and more reliable operation of the system. – It further ensures the safety of personnel and makes maintenance more convenient. – It simplifies the troubleshooting process and makes it faster. – Gives an overall understanding of the system and eases evaluation. It helps in a detailed study and evaluation of the system and its efficiency. ![]() A single line diagram makes it easy to understand an electrical system, particularly in the case of complicated systems in substations. In a single line diagram, instead of representing each of three phases with separate lines, only a single conductor is represented using a single line. The electrical elements such as circuit breakers, transformers, bus bars, and conductors, are represented using standardized schematic symbols so that they can be read and understood easily. It has a diagrammatic representation of all the equipment and connections. The scope and status of implementation of CIM in the Indian power sector is briefed.A single line diagram also called the one-line diagram is a symbolic or graphical representation of a three-phase power system. A CIM based topology processing application is used to demonstrate the design of the data transfer between the standards. Mapping between the objects of IEC 61850 and CIM standards both in the static and dynamic models is discussed. This enables seamless data transfer from one standard to the other. This paper describes a possible approach for the integration of IEC 61850 and CIM standards based on mapping between the representation of elements of these two standards. Some efforts reported towards the integration of these standards have been surveyed. In future, once these two standards are well adopted, the issue of integration of these standards becomes imminent. While, IEC 61850 by International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) is emerging as a standard for achieving interoperability and automation at the substation level. Common Information Model (CIM) is emerging as a standard for information modelling for power control centers. ![]()
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